cmbp.kernplanning.comCarbon Mgt Business Park

Interactive Map Comparative Analysis About FAQ English / Spanish Download Report Interactive Map Comparative Analysis About FAQ English / Spanish Download Report Back to Map Download Report Vision for 2040 What is a Carbon Management Business Park? Explore the carbon management and clean energy industries that could be a part of Kern County’s clean energy future. Liquid Direct Air Capture (L-DAC) Solid Direct Air Capture (S-DAC) Steel Micro Mill R&D Incubator BiCRS Oxy-Fuel Combustion Green Hydrogen - Biomass Local Agriculture Water Treatment and Storage Green Hydrogen Electrolysis Solar Battery Solar Battery CO 2 -Utilizing Industries Off-site Underground Storage Offices + Admin CO 2 Hub H 2 Hub INDUSTRY L-DAC S-DAC Steel Micro Mill R&D Incubator BiCRS Green Hydrogen Agriculture Clean Energy Technological Societal Environmental Economic Introduction L-DAC Direct Air Capture (DAC) is a technology that captures carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) directly from the atmosphere. Fans or wind drive ambient air through a contactor unit, where a chemical sorbent selectively traps CO 2 but allows the other components of the air to pass through and exit the system. Liquid direct air capture (L-DAC) uses a liquid solvent, usually a hydroxide solution, as the chemical sorbent material. After CO 2 is trapped in the liquid solvent, it is reacted with lime to form small carbonate pellets. The liquid solvent can be re-used to trap more CO 2 , and the pellets are heated to 800-1000°C, breaking down to their constituent parts: lime and a pure stream of CO 2 . This step is called regeneration. The CO 2 is ready to be pressurized and transported for permanent storage, and the lime can be reused to pelletize more CO 2 . Technological Industry Development Stage of development: early Existing facilities globally: 1 (Canada, captures 365 metric tons/yr) Facilities in development globally: 1 (Texas, will capture 1 million metric tons/yr, operational in 2024) Energy Requirement If energy were supplied entirely using solar power, it would take ~7,000 acres (reported range is 4,400-9,000 acres) to capture 1 million metric tons of CO 2 . However, solar PV-provided energy cannot directly supply heat at the temperatures needed for regeneration. Thus, L-DAC requires a high-temperature clean energy heat-source, such as an industrial heat battery or green hydrogen (H 2 ) fuel. If H 2 fuel supplied the heat energy for L-DAC, 1,400 acres of solar fields could supply the electricity demand. L-DAC requires ~2.8 MWh of energy for every metric ton of CO 2 captured (estimates range from 1.8-3.7 MWh per metric ton CO 2 ) 80-100% of that energy is for heating. 0-20% is for electricity. Footprint Each L-DAC contactor unit captures ~300-600 metric tons per year, and units are modular and stackable. Thus, footprints vary depending on how high units are stacked or how they are spread out. To capture 1 million metric tons of CO 2 per year, we estimate a facility would require about 200 acres of space. Reported estimates range from 50 to 1730 acres, depending on how contactor units are arranged. L-DAC units can be sited anywhere, as the only feedstock is ambient air. An L-DAC facility capturing 1 million metric tons of CO 2 annually requires ~200 acres of space and ~7,000 acres of solar energy + industrial heat battery storage The energy needed to power an L-DAC facility capturing 1 million metric tons of CO 2 annually could power ~500,000 homes Societal Job Growth Potential An L-DAC facility capturing 1 million metric tons CO 2 annually could produce about 75-270 permanent jobs in operation and maintenance, requiring skills that are transferable from other industrial repair and maintenance work industries. Such a facility would also produce about 700-1,000 construction + installation jobs, as well as thousands of indirect jobs, such as those needed to construct solar fields to support the facility. Location Equity Noise levels = 50-70 decibels per contactor unit - that’s about as loud as a dishwasher or vacuum. A 1 million metric ton capture facility would need ~1,600 contactor units, spread over ~200 acres. Impact will depend on how noise scales with additional contactor units (warrants further investigation) and the distance from urbanized areas. Depending on site location, additional jobs could increase local traffic and employees could have long distance commutes. An L-DAC facility capturing 1 million metric tons of CO 2 could produce 75-270 permanent jobs in operation and maintenance ~700-1,000 construction jobs + thousands of indirect jobs Environmental Water Requirements L-DAC requires significant amounts of water to dilute the solvent solution used to capture the CO 2 , but that water + solvent solution is continuously recycled through the system, so water only needs to be replenished to compensate for evaporation. Average temperatures and humidity levels in Kern County would cause about 5 metric tons of water consumption per ton of captured CO 2 in the winter, and about 15 tons of water consumed per ton CO 2 in the summer. Very hot days with humidity levels below 20% could cause greater than 20 metric tons of water consumption per ton CO 2 captured. Emissions, Byproducts & Waste L-DAC facilities are expected to produce zero or near-zero emissions onsite that could be hazardous to the environment or human health. Neither wastewater nor hazardous waste is generated in significant amounts in L-DAC facilities. Regulatory Permitting : When sited in Kern County, California, all projects will be considered through a public process and environmental impacts will be reviewed and mitigated in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). An L-DAC facility capturing 1 million metric tons of CO 2 would use up to 7,500 acre-feet of water each year and produces near-zero waste or emissions Economic Cost of Operation To compare costs across carbon management industries, a ‘Lifetime Cost Assessment’ (LCA) model is used, which is the total cost per metric ton CO 2 resulting from the cost of building the facility (capital costs), the cost of maintenance and labor (operational costs) and the cost of energy (heat + electricity), over the lifetime of the plant. For an average L-DAC facility capturing 1 million tons CO 2 per year: Cost to build would be ~$470 million to $1.3 billion. If it ran for ~30 years, the capital costs over the lifetime of the facility would be ~$160-300 per ton of CO 2 . Annual costs for operation staff and maintenance range from ~$60-110 per ton CO 2 . Energy costs range from ~$45-257 per ton CO 2 , with the variation reflecting different energy sources and uncertainty in energy requirements. These costs will also vary over time due to fluctuations in energy markets. Potential Sources of Revenue There are two potential sources of revenue for direct air capture: Federal + State incentives: Federal Incentive 45Q provides a tax benefit for CO 2 capture and storage using DAC of $180 per ton stored. California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS): credits technologies that reduce transportation-derived greenhouse gas emissions. (DAC qualifies because it removes CO 2 produced by gas-powered cars and trucks.) From 2018-2022, the LCFS credit has ranged from $62-218. Private markets: Private businesses have purchased carbon storage at rates in the $600-1,000 per ton of CO 2 range for the most environmentally-secure types of storage. An L-DAC facility capturing 1 million metric tons of CO 2 built today would cost $265-667 per ton CO 2 Federal + State incentives (~$242-398/ton CO 2 ) Private carbon credit market ( $600/ton CO 2 ) Technological Societal Environmental Economic Introduction S-DAC Direct Air Capture (DAC) is a technology that captures carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) directly from the atmosphere. Fans or wind drive ambient air through a contactor unit, where a chemical sorbent selectively traps CO 2 but allows the other components of the air to pass through and exit the system. Solid...